Evening Chanting
2.1 Dedication of Offerings
Yo so bhagavā araham sammāsambuddho
To the Blessed One, the Buddha, who fully attained perfect Awakening,
svākkhāto yena bhagavatā dhammo
to the Teaching, which he expounded so well,
supaṭipanno yassa bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho
and to the Blessed One's disciples, who have practiced well,
tammayaṃ bhagavantaṃ sadhammaṃ sasaṅghaṃ
to these,the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Saṅgha,
imehi sakkhārehi yathārahaṃ āropitehi abhipūjayāma
we respect with offerings, our rightful homage.
sādhu no bhante bhagavā suciraparinibbutopi
It is well for us that the Blessed One, having attained liberation,
pacchimājanatānukampamānasā
still had compassion for future generations.
ime sakkāre duggatapaṇṇākārabhūte paṭiggaṇhātu
May these simple offerings be accepted
amhākaṃ dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāya
for our long-lasting benefit and for the happiness it gives us,
Arahaṃ sammāsambuddho bhagavā
The Blessed One is Worthy and Rightly Self-awakened,
buddhaṃ bhagavantaṃ abhivādemi.
I bow down before the Awakened, Blessed One.
(BOW DOWN)
Svākkhāto Bhagavatā dhammo,
The Dhamma is well expounded by the Blessed One,
dhammaṃ namassāmi.
I pay homage to the Dhamma.
(BOW DOWN)
Supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho,
The Saṅgha of the Blessed One's disciples has practiced well,
saṅghaṃ namāmi.
I pay respect to the Saṅgha.
(BOW DOWN)
2.2 Buddha Namatthu
(Homage to the Buddha)Handadāni mayantaṃ bhagavantaṃ vācāya abhigayituṃ pubbabhāganamakārañjeva buddhānussatinayañca karoma se:
Now let us chant the preliminary passage in homage to the Awakened One, the Blessed One:
(ALL):
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammasāmbuddhassa.
Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Rightly Self-awakened One. (Three Times)
2.3 Buddhānussati
(The Recollection of the Buddha)
Taṃ kho pana bhagavantaṃ evaṃ kalyāṇo kittisaddo abhuggato,
This fine report of the Blessed One's reputation has spread far and wide,
itipi so bhagavā
Such, indeed, he is a Blessed One,
arahaṃ
a Worthy One,
sammāsambuddho,
a Rightly Self-awakened One,
vijjācaraṇasampanno
consummate in knowledge and conduct,
sugato
one who has gone the good way,
lokavidū,
knower of the cosmos
anuttaro purisadammasārathi
unexcelled trainer of those who can be taught,
satthādevamunssānaṃ
teacher of human and divine beings,
buddho bhagavāti.2.4 Buddhaguṇa
(Celebration of the Buddha)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ buddhābhigītiṃ karoma se:
Now let us chant in celebration of the Buddha:
(ALL):
Buddhavārahantovaratādiguṇābhiyutto
The Buddha, endowed with such virtues as highest worthiness,
suddhābhiñāṇakarunāhi samāgatatto
in him, endowed with purity, supreme knowledge and compassion,
bodhesi yo sujanataṃ kamalaṃva sūro
he awakens good people as the sun does the lotus,
vandāmahaṃ tamaraṇaṃ sirasā jinendaṃ.
I revere with my head that Peaceful One, the Conqueror Supreme.
Buddho yo sabbapaṇīnaṃ saraṇaṃ khemamuttamaṃ,
The Buddha, who for all beings is the secure, the highest refuge,
paṭhamānussatiṭṭhānaṃ vandāmi taṃ sirenahaṃ,
the first subject for recollection, I rever him with my head,
buddhassāhasmi daso (women: dāsī) va buddho me sāmikissaro
I am the Buddha's servant, the Buddha is my highest master,
buddho dukkhassa ghātā ca vidhātā ca hitassa me
the Buddha is a destroyer of suffering and a provider of welfare for me,
buddhassāhaṃ niyyādemi sarīrañjīvitañcidaṃ
to the Buddha I dedicate this body and my life,
vandantohaṃ (vandantīhaṃ) carissāmi buddhasseva subodhitaṃ
I am paying homage to the Buddha and shall follow the path of his pure Awakening,
natthi me saraṇaṃ aññaṃ buddho me saraṇaṃ varaṃ
I have no other refuge, the Buddha is my foremost refuge,
etena saccavajjena vaḍḍheyyaṃ sathu sāsane
by the speaking of this truth, may I grow in the Teacher's instruction,
buddhaṃ me vandamānena (vandamānāña) yam puññaṃ pasutaṃ idha
through the power of the merit here produced by my reverence for the Buddha,
sabbe pi antarāyā me, māhesuṃ tassa tejasā.
by the power of this merit may all my obstructions cease to be.
(Bow Down and Say:)
Kāyena vācāya va cetasā vā
By body, by speech, or by mind,
Buddhe kukammaṃ pakataṃ mayā yaṃ,
whatever bad kamma I have done to the Buddha,
Buddho paṭiggaṇhatu accayantaṃ
may the Buddha accept my admission of it,
kālantare saṃvarituṃ va Buddhe.
so that in the future I may show restraint toward the Buddha.
2.5 Dhammānussati
(The Recollection of the Dhamma)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ dhammānussatinayaṃ karoma se:
Now let us recite the guide to the recollection of the Dhamma:
(ALL):
Savākkāto bhagavatādhammo,
The Dhamma is well-expounded by the Blessed One,
sandhiṭṭhiko,
to be seen here and now,
akāliko,
timeless,
ehipassiko,
encouraging investigation,
opanayiko,
leading inward,
paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhīti.
to be seen by the wise for themselves.
2.6 Dhammaguṇa
(Celebration of the Dhamma)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ dhammābhikītiṃ karoma se:
(ALL):
Svākkhātatādiguṇayogavasena seyyo
Superior, through having such virtues as being well-expounded,
yo maggapākapariyattivimokkhabhedo
divided into Path and Fruition, study and liberation,
dhammo kulokpatanā tadadhāridhārī
the Dhamma protects those who hold to it from falling into miserable worlds,
vadāmahaṃ tamaharaṃ varadhammametaṃ.
I revere that foremost Dhamma the destroyer of darkness.
Dhammo yo sabbapāṇinaṃ saraṇaṃ khemamuttamaṃ,
the Dhamma that for all beings is the secure, the highest refuge,
dutiyānussatiṭṭhānaṃ vandāmi taṃ sirenahaṃ
the second subject for recollection, I revere it with my bowed head,
dhammassāhasmi dāso (dāsī) va dhammo me sāmikissaro
I am the Dhamma's servant, the Dhamma is my highest master,
dhammo dukkhassa ghātā ca vidhātā ca hitassa me
the Dhamma is a destroyer of suffering and a provider of welfare for me,
dhammassāhaṃ niyyādemi sarīrañjīvitañcidaṃ
to the Dhamma, I dedicate this body and life,
vandantohaṃ (vandantīhaṃ) carissāmi dhammassava sudhammataṃ
I am paying homage to the Dhamma, shall follow the Dhamma genuine,
nathi me saraṇaṃ aññaṃ dhammo me saraṇaṃ varaṃ
I have no other refuge, the Dhamma is my foremaost refuge
etena saccavajjena vaḍḍheyyaṃ satthusāne
by the speaking of this truth, may I grow in the teacher's instruction,
dhammaṃ me vandamānena (vandamānāya) yaṃ puññaṃ pasutaṃ idha
through the power of the merit here produced by my reverence for the Dhamma,
sabbepi antarāyā me māhesuṃ tassa tejasā
by the power of this merit, may all my obstructions cease to be.
(Bow Down and Say:)
Kāyena vācāya va cetasā vā
By body, by speech, or by mind,
Dhamme kukammaṃ pakataṃ mayā yaṃ,
whatever bad kamma I have done to the Buddha,
Dhammo paṭiggaṇhatu accayantaṃ
may the Buddha accept my admission of it,
kālantare saṃvarituṃ va Dhamme.
so that in the future I may show restraint toward the Buddha.
2.7 Saṅghānussati
(The Recollection of the Saṅgha)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ saṅghānussatinayaṃ karoma se:
Now let us recite the guide to the recollection of the Saṅgha:
(ALL):
Supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho,
The Saṅgha of the Blessed One's disciples, who have practiced well,
ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho,
who have practiced directly,
ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho,
who have practiced insightfully,
sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho,
who have practiced properly,
yadidaṃ cattāri purisayugāni aṭṭha purisapuggalā,
Namely, the four pairs, the eight types of Noble Ones,
esa bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho
that is the Saṅgha of the Blessed One's disciples,
āhuneyyo,
Worthy of gifts,
pāhuneyyo,
Worthy of hospitality,
dakkhiṇeyyo,
Worthy of offerings,
añjalikaraṇīyo,
Worthy of respect,
anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassāti.
the incomparable field of merit for the world.
2.8 Saṅghaguṇa
(Celebration of the Saṅgha)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ saṅghābhigītiṃ karoma se:
Now let us chant on celebration of the Saṅgha:
(ALL):
Saddhammajo supaṭipattiguṇādiyutto
Born of the true Dhamma, endowed with such virtues as good practice,
yoṭṭhabbidho ariyapuggalāsaṅghaseṭṭho
the supreme Saṅgha formed of the eight types of Noble Ones,
sīlādidhammopavarāsayakācitto
guided in body and mind by such principles as supreme morality,
vandāmahaṃ tamariñāṇaganaṃ.
I revere that group of Noble Ones well-purified.
Saṅgho yo sabbapāṇīnaṃ saraṇaṃ khemamuttamaṃ
The Saṇgha that for all beings is the secure, the highest refuge,
tatiyānussatiṭṭhānaṃ vandāmi taṃ sirenahaṃ
the third subject for recollection, I revere it with my bowed head,
saṅghassāhasmi dāso (dāsī) va, saṅgho me sāmikissaro
I am the Saṅgha's servant, the Saṅgha is my highest master,
saṅgho dukkhassa ghātā ca, vidhātā ca hitassa me
The Saṅgha is a destroyer of suffering and a provider of welfare for me,
saṅghassāhaṃ niyyādemi sarīrañjīvitañcidaṃ
To the Saṅgha I dedicate my body and my life,
vandantohaṃ (vandantīhaṃ) carissāmi saṅghassopaṭipannataṃ
I am paying homage to the Saṅgha and shall follow the Saṅgha's practice,
natthi me saraṇaṃ aññaṃ saṅgho me saraṇaṃ varaṃ
I have no other refuge, the Saṅgha is my foremost refuge,
etena saccavajjena, vaḍḍheyaṃ satthusāsane
by the speaking of this truth, may I grow in the Teacher's instructions,
saṅghaṃ me vandamānena (vandamānāya) yaṃ puññaṃ pasutaṃ idha
through the power of the merit here produced by my reverence for the Saṅgha,
sabbepi antarāyā me māhesuṃ tassa tejasā.
by the power of this merit, may all my obstructions cease to be.
(Bow Down and Say:)
Kāyena vācāya va cetasā vā
By body, by speech, or by mind,
Saṅghe kukammaṃ pakataṃ mayā yaṃ,
whatever bad kamma I have done to the Buddha,
Saṅgho paṭiggaṇhatu accayantaṃ
may the Buddha accept my admission of it,
kālantare saṃvarituṃ va Saṅghe.
so that in the future I may show restraint toward the Buddha.
2.9 Karaṇīyamettasuttaṃ
(Sharing Good Will)
Karaṇīyamatthkusalena yantaṃ santaṃ padaṃ abhisamecca
This is to be done by one skilled in essences who wants to break through to the state of peace,
sakko ujū ca suhujū ca suvaco cassa mudu anatimānī
be capable, upright and straightforward, easy to instruct gentle and not conceited,
santussako ca subharo ca appkicco ca sallahukavutti
content and easy to support, with few duties, living lightly
santindriyo ca nipako ca appagabbho kulesu ananugiddho
with peaceful faculties, masterful, modest and no greed for supporters,
na ca khuddaṃ samācare kiñci yena viññu pare upavadeyyuṃ
do not do the slightest thing that the wise would later censure,
sukhino vā khemino hontu sabbe sattā bhavantu sukhitattā
Think: happy and secure, may all beings be happy at heart,
ye keci pānabhūtatthi tasā vā thāvarā vā anavasesā
whatever beings there may be, weak or strong, without exception
dīghā vā ye mahantā vā majjhimā rassakā anukathūlā
long, large, middling, short, small, tall,
diṭṭhā vā sambhavesī vā sabbe sattā bhavantu sukhitattā
seen and unseen, near and far,
bhūtā vā sambhavesī vā sabbe sattā bhavantu sukhitattā
born and yet to be born, may all beings be happy at heart,
na paro paraṃ nikubbetha nātimaññetha katthaci naṃ kiñci
let no one deceive another or despise anyone anywhere,
byārosanā paṭīghasaññā nāññamaññassa dukkhamiccheyya
or through anger or irritation wish for another to suffer,
mātā yathā niyaṃ puttiṃ āyusā ekaputtamanurakkhe
as a mother would risk her life to protect her only child,
evampi sabbabhūtesu mānasambhāvaye aparimāṇaṃ
even so should one cultivate a limitless loving-kindness toward all beings
mettañca sabbalokasmiṃ mānasambhāvaye aparimāṇaṃ
with good will for the entire world, cultivate a limitless lovingkindness,
uddhaṃ adho ca tiriyañca asambādhaṃ averaṃ asapattaṃ
above, below and all around, unlimited, without enmitty or hate,
tiṭṭhañcaraṃ nisinno vā sayāno vā yāvatassa vigatamiddho
whether standing, walking, sitting or lying down, as long as one is awake,
etaṃ satiṃ adhiṭṭheyya brahmametaṃ vihāraṃ idhamāhu
one should be resolved on this mindfulness. This is called a sublime abiding here and now,
diṭṭhiñca anupagamma sīlavā dassanena sampanno
not falling into false views, but virtuous and consummate in insight,
kāmesu vineyya gedhaṃna hi jātu gabbhaseyyaṃ punaretīti.
having subdued desire for sensual pleasures, one will no longer be reborn in endless cycles of pain.
2.10 Maṅgalasuttaṃ
(The Supreme Blessing)
Asevanā ca bālānaṃ paṇḍitānañca sevanā
Not consorting with fools, consorting with the wise,
pūjā ca pūjanīyānaṃ etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
paying homage to those who deserve homage, this is a supreme blessing.
Paṭirūpadesavāso ca pubbe ca katapuññatā
Living in a civilized country, having made merit in the past,
attasammāpaṇidhi ca etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
directing oneself rightly, This is the supreme blessing.
Bāhusaccañca sippañca vinayo ca susikkhito
Broad knowledge, skill, discipline well-mastered,
subhāsitā ca yā vācā etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Words well-spoken: This is the supreme blessing.
Mātāpituupaṭṭhānaṃ puttadārassa saṅgaho
Support for one's parents, assistance to one's wife and children,
anākulāca kammantā etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Jobs that are not left unfinished, this is the supreme blessing.
Dānañca dhammacariyā ca ñātakānañca saṅgaho
Generosity, living by the Dhamma, assistance to one's relatives,
anavajjā kammāni etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Deeds that are blameless: this is the supreme blessing.
Āratī viratī pāpā majjapānā ca saññamo
Avoiding, abstaining from evil, refraining from intoxicants,
appamādo ca dhammesu etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Being uncomplacent with regard to qualities of the mind, this is the supreme blessing.
Gāravo ca nivāto ca santuṭṭhī ca kataññutā
Respect, humility, contentment, gratitude,
kālena dhammassavanaṃ etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
hearing the Dhamma on timely occasions: this is the supreme blessing.
Khantī ca sovacassatā samanānañca dassanaṃ
Patience, obedience, seeing contemplatives,
kālena dhammasākacchā etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
discussing the Dhamma on timely occasions: this is the supreme blessing.
Tapo ca brahmacariyañca ariyasaccānadassanaṃ.
Austerity, purity, seeing the Noble Truths,
nibbānasacchikiriyā ca etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Realizing liberation, this is the supreme blessing.
Phuṭṭhassa lokdhammehi cittaṃ yassa na kampati
a mind that, when touched by the ways of the world, is unshaken,
asokaṃ virajaṃ khemaṃ etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
sorrowless, stainless, secure, this is the supreme blessing.
Etādisāni katvāna sabbatthamaparājitā
Sabbattha sotthiṃ gacchanti
tantesaṃ maṃ galmuttamanti.
"When doing these things, everywhere people go,
they will be undefeated and have well-being,
this is their supreme blessing."
Gāravo ca nivāto ca santuṭṭhī ca kataññutā
Respect, humility, contentment, gratitude,
kālena dhammassavanaṃ etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
hearing the Dhamma on timely occasions: this is the supreme blessing.
Khantī ca sovacassatā samanānañca dassanaṃ
Patience, obedience, seeing contemplatives,
kālena dhammasākacchā etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
discussing the Dhamma on timely occasions: this is the supreme blessing.
Tapo ca brahmacariyañca ariyasaccānadassanaṃ.
Austerity, purity, seeing the Noble Truths,
nibbānasacchikiriyā ca etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
Realizing liberation, this is the supreme blessing.
Phuṭṭhassa lokdhammehi cittaṃ yassa na kampati
a mind that, when touched by the ways of the world, is unshaken,
asokaṃ virajaṃ khemaṃ etammaṅgalamuttamaṃ.
sorrowless, stainless, secure, this is the supreme blessing.
Etādisāni katvāna sabbatthamaparājitā
Sabbattha sotthiṃ gacchanti
tantesaṃ maṃ galmuttamanti.
"When doing these things, everywhere people go,
they will be undefeated and have well-being,
this is their supreme blessing."
2.11 Atītapaccavekkhaṇa
(Reflection on the Four Requisites)
(LEADER):
Handa mayaṃ atītapaccavekkhaṇapāṭhaṃ bhaṇāma se.
Now let us recite the passage for reflection on the past use of the requisites:
(ALL):
Ajja mayā apaccavekkhitvā yaṃ cīvaraṃ paribhuttaṃ,
Whatever robe I used today without consideration,
taṃ yāvadeva sītassa paṭighātāya,
was simply to ward off cold,
uṇhassa paṭighātāya,
to ward off heat,
ḍaṃsamakasavātātapasiriṃsapasamphassānaṃ paṭighātāya,
to ward off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles,
yāvadeva hirikopinapaṭicchādanatthaṃ.
simply for the purpose of covering the parts of the body that cause shame.
Ajja mayā apaccavekkhitvā yo piṇḍapāto paribhutto,
Whatever alms food I used today without consideration,
so neva davāya na madāya na maṇḍanāya na vibhūsanāya,
was not used playfully, nor for intoxication, nor for putting on weight, nor for beautification,
yāvadeva imassa kāyassa ṭhitiyā yāpanāya
but simply for the survival and continuance of this body,
vihiṃsuparatiyā brahmacariyānuggahāya,
for ending its afflictions, for the support of the holy life,
iti purāṇañca vedanaṃ paṭihaṅkhāmi
mindfully like this, will I destroy old feelings of hunger,
navañca vedanaṃ na uppādessāmi,
and not create new feelings from overeating,
yātrā ca me bhavissati anavajjatā ca phāsuvihāro cāti.
I will maintain myself, be blameless and live in comfort.
Ajja mayā apaccavekkhitvā yaṃ senāsanaṃ paribhuttaṃ,
whatever lodging I used today without consideration,
taṃ yāvadeva sītassa paṭighātāya,
was simply to ward off cold,
unhassa paṭighātāya,
to ward off heat,
ḍaṃsamakasavātātapasiriṃsapasamphassānaṃ paṭighātāya,
to ward off the touch of flies, mosquitos, wind, sun and reptiles,
yāvadeva utuparissayavinodanaṃ paṭisallānārāmatthaṃ.
simply for the protection from the inclemencies of weather and for the enjoyment of seclusion.
Ajja mayā apaccavekkhitvā yo gilānapaccayabhesajjaparikkharo paribhutto,
Whatever medicinal requisite for curing the sick I used today without consideration,
so yāvadeva uppannānaṃ veyyābādhikānaṃ vedanānaṃ paṭighātāya,
was simply to ward off any pains off illness that had arisen,
abyāpajjhaparamatāyāti.
and for absolute protection from disease.
2.12 Udissanādiṭṭhānagāthā (Iminā)
(Sharing Blessings)
(LEADER):Handa mayaṃ uddissanādhiṭṭhānagāthāyo bhaṇāma se:
Now let us chant the verses of sharing and aspiration:
(ALL):
Iminā puññakammena
Through the goodness that arises from my practice,
upajjhāyā guṇuttarā
may my spiritual teachers,
ācariyūpakārā ca
and guides of great virtue,
mātāpitā ca ñātakā
my mother, father and relatives,
suriyo candimā rājā
the Sun and the Moon, the word leader,
guṇavantā narāpi ca
and all benefactors and noble ones,
brahmamārā ca indā ca
the highest gods (Brahma, Mara and Indra)
lokapālā ca devatā
and evil forces, celestial beings,
yamo mittā manussā ca
the King of Death (Yama) and all humans,
majjhattā verikāpi ca
friendly, indifferent or hostile,
sabbe sattā sukhī hontu
may all beings receive
puññāni pakatāni me
the blessings of my life,
sukhañca tividhaṃ dentu
may the soon attain the threefold
khippaṃ pāpetha vo mataṃ.
bliss and realize the Deathless.
Iminā puññakammena
Through the goodness that arises from my practice,
iminā uddissena ca
and through this act of sharing,
khippāhaṃ sulabhe ceva
may all desires
tanhupādānachedanaṃ
and attachments quickly cease,
ye santāne hinā dhammā
and all harmful states of mind,
yāva nibbānato mamaṃ
until I realize Nibbāna,
nassantu sabbadā yeva
in every kind of birth,
yattha jāto bhave bhave
may I have an upright mind,
ujucittaṃ satipaññā
with mindfulness and wisdom,
sallekho viriyamhinā,
austerity and vigor,
mārā labhantu nokāsaṃ,
may the forces of delusion
kātuñca viriyesu me,
not take hold or weaken my will,
buddhādhipavaro nātho
the Buddha is my excellent refuge,
dhammo nātho varuttamo,
unsurpassed is the protection of the Dhamma,
nātho paccekabuddho ca
the Solitary Buddha is my noble one,
saṅgho nāthottaro mamaṃ,
the Saṅgha is my supreme support,
te sottamānubhāvena
through the supreme power of all these,
mārokāsaṃ labantu mā.
2.13 The Sublime Attitudes
(Sharing the Loving Kindness)
(LEADER)Ahaṃ avero homi.
(ALL)
May I be free from enmity.
Ahaṃ abyāpajjho homi.
May I be free from ill-treatment.
Ahaṃ anīgho homi.
May I be free from trouble.
Ahaṃ niddukkho homi.
May I be free from suffering.
Ahaṃ sukhī attānaṃ pariharāmi.
May I protect my own happiness.
Ahaṃ sukhito homi
May I be happy.
Sabbe sattā averā hontu
May all beings be free from enmity.
Sabbe sattā abyapajjhā hontu
May all beings be free from ill-treatment.
Sabbe sattā anīghā hontu.
May all beings be free from trouble.
Sabbe sattā sabbadukkhā pamuñcantu.
May all beings be free from suffering
Sabbe sattā sukhi attanaṃ pariharantu.
May all beings protect their own happiness.
Sabbe sattā sukhita hontu.
May all beings be happy.
[For this last chant, after the leader, we chant the Palī then English translation together.]
THE END OF EVENING CHANTING
In order to make this happen this was posted in phases and steps. There are sure to be errors that will need correction. There may also be incorrect renderings, translations, transliteration, etc. Please let us know about such errors. Any mistakes are not intended and will be corrected as soon as possible.
Any negligence is mine and should not be viewed as that of the Three Gems, Thai community or Wat Passantidhamma. --Ed. Alex Nuttall.